真牛所配资从无人机到电子战，各国军队可以从俄乌战争中学到些什么_They_can_at

最近几天真牛所配资，俄罗斯和乌克兰相互发动了自2022年2月战争开始以来最大规模的无人机袭击。

乌克兰据报向俄罗斯发射了80多架无人机，其中一些瞄准的是莫斯科。而俄罗斯据报向乌克兰各地发射了140多架无人机。

大量使用无人机作为攻击武器是这场冲突中战争变革的一种方式。

当电子战和炮兵攻击相结合时，无人机也被证明是非常有效的防御武器，可以在战场上牵制敌军。

无人机：战场上的“千里眼”

苏格兰圣安德鲁斯大学战争研究教授菲利普斯·奥布莱恩（Phillips O'Brien）表示，无人机已成为乌克兰战争的一大特征，并深刻影响着战争的方式。

他说，“它们让战场变得更加透明。”

监视无人机可以实时发现整个前线的部队动向或攻击准备情况。当他们看到目标时，可以将其坐标发送回指挥中心，由指挥中心下令展开炮火攻击。

展开剩余93%

奥布莱恩教授表示，从发现目标到打击目标，这个过程在军事术语中被称为“杀伤链”，而无人机的使用大大加速了这一过程。

他表示：“除非处于深层掩体中，否则所有东西都会被发现。这意味着你无法集结坦克和其他装甲部队而不被击中。”

Phillips O'Brien, professor of war studies at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland, said drones have become a major feature of the Ukrainian war and have profoundly affected the way war is fought.

"They make the battlefield more transparent," he said.

Surveillance drones can detect troop movements or attack preparations across the front in real time. When they see a target, they can send its coordinates back to the command center, which orders an artillery attack.

Professor O'Brien said the process from finding a target to hitting it is called the "kill chain" in military terms, and the use of drones has greatly accelerated this process.

"Unless you are in a deep bunker, everything will be discovered," he said. "That means you can't assemble tanks and other armored forces without being hit."

攻击性无人机可以与火炮一起用来攻击敌军。乌克兰军队仅使用无人机就曾成功击退了俄罗斯坦克纵队的进攻。

俄乌战争开始时，乌克兰使用了土耳其制造的拜卡“旗手”TB-2无人机，这是一种军用级无人机，可以投掷炸弹和发射导弹。

然而，双方都越来越多地转向更便宜的“神风”（kamikaze，意指二战期间对美军进行自杀式攻击的日本特工队）无人机。

这些通常是带有炸药的商业级无人机。它们可以在几公里外进行控制，攻击前可在目标上方徘徊。

Offensive drones can be used in conjunction with artillery to attack enemy forces. Ukrainian forces have successfully repelled an attack by a Russian tank column using drones alone.

At the start of the Russo-Ukrainian war真牛所配资, Ukraine used the Turkish-made Baika TB-2, a military-grade drone that can drop bombs and launch missiles.

However, both sides are increasingly turning to cheaper kamikaze drones.

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These are usually commercial-grade drones with explosives. They can be controlled from several kilometers away and hover over a target before attacking.

俄罗斯也在使用数千架“神风”无人机，例如伊朗制造的 “见证者-136”（Shahed-136）攻击型无人机，攻击乌克兰的军事和民用目标。

俄罗斯经常以机群的形式使用这些攻击无人机，试图摧毁乌克兰的防空系统。

火炮：战争中最常用的武器

火炮已成为乌克兰战争中最常用的武器。

英国智库皇家联合军种研究所称，俄罗斯每天发射约10,000发炮弹，乌克兰每天发射2,000至2,500发炮弹。

火炮经常被用来查验敌军的行动并打击其装甲车、防御工事、指挥所和补给站。

俄罗斯国防军炮兵专家和军事专家彼得·皮塔科夫（Petro Pyatakov）上校说，“在战争期间，弹药就像水一样，人们需要不断地饮用，或者像汽车的燃料一样。”

Artillery has become the most commonly used weapon in the war in Ukraine.

The Royal United Services Institute, a British think tank, said Russia fired about 10,000 artillery shells a day and Ukraine fired 2,000 to 2,500 rounds a day.

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Artillery is often used to check the movements of enemy forces and hit their armored vehicles, fortifications, command posts and supply depots.

Colonel Petro Pyatakov, an artillery expert and military expert of the Russian Defense Forces, said, "During war, ammunition is like water, which people need to drink constantly, or like fuel for cars."

俄乌双方都使用了来自国外的数百万枚炮弹。美国和欧洲国家一直在向乌克兰供应炮弹。而俄罗斯正从朝鲜进口炮弹。

英国防务分析公司“赛比林”（Sibylline）首席执行官贾斯汀·克伦普（Justin Crump）表示，西方国家一直难以向乌克兰提供其所需的所有炮弹，这凸显了其自身军火工业的问题。

“西方防务公司现在生产了一定数量的高精度武器，”他说， “但他们没有能力大量生产炮弹等基本军备。”

俄罗斯和乌克兰也一直在使用高精度火炮。乌克兰一直在发射西方提供的卫星制导炮弹真牛所配资，例如“神剑”（Excalibur）导引炮弹；而俄罗斯则使用激光制导克拉斯诺波尔（Krasnopol）炮弹。

美国和其他西方国家还向乌克兰提供远程卫星制导“海马斯”高机动性多管火箭系统（HIMARS）。该火箭系统使乌克兰武装部队能够攻击前线后方的俄罗斯弹药库和指挥所。

Both sides have used millions of artillery shells from abroad. The United States and European countries have been supplying artillery shells to Ukraine. Russia is importing artillery shells from North Korea.

Justin Crump, CEO of British defense analysis company Sibylline, said the West has struggled to provide Ukraine with all the artillery shells it needs, highlighting problems in its own arms industry.

"Western defense companies now produce a certain amount of high-precision weapons," he said, "but they don't have the ability to mass-produce basic armaments such as artillery shells."

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Russia and Ukraine have also been using high-precision artillery. Ukraine has been firing satellite-guided artillery shells provided by the West, such as the Excalibur guided artillery shell; while Russia uses laser-guided Krasnopol artillery shells.

The United States and other Western countries have also provided Ukraine with long-range satellite-guided HIMARS high-mobility multiple rocket systems (HIMARS). The rocket system enables the Ukrainian armed forces to attack Russian ammunition depots and command posts behind the front lines.

滑翔炸弹：简单、破坏性大且难以对抗

俄罗斯军队自2023年初以来在战场上使用了数千枚“滑翔炸弹”轰炸乌克兰阵地，并对平民住宅区和基础设施进行打击。

这些“滑翔炸弹”是传统的“自由落体”炸弹，配有折叠翼和卫星导航系统。

俄罗斯使用滑翔炸弹最多。它们的重量从200公斤到3,000公斤甚至更多。

英国智库皇家联合军种研究所空战专家贾斯汀·布朗克（Justin Bronk）教授说，“滑翔炸弹在摧毁防御工事和摧毁建筑物方面越来越有效。”

他说，俄罗斯广泛使用它们摧毁了乌克兰东部具有重要战略意义的阿德维夫卡镇（Adviivka）周围的乌克兰防御工事，俄罗斯于2024年2月攻下了该镇。

Russian forces have used thousands of "glide bombs" on the battlefield since early 2023 to bomb Ukrainian positions and strike civilian residential areas and infrastructure.

These "glide bombs" are traditional "free-fall" bombs equipped with folding wings and satellite navigation systems.

Russia uses the most glide bombs. They weigh from 200 kilograms to 3,000 kilograms or more.

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Professor Justin Bronk, an air combat expert at the Royal United Services Institute, a British think tank, said, "Glide bombs are becoming increasingly effective in destroying fortifications and destroying buildings."

He said Russia used them extensively to destroy Ukrainian fortifications around the strategically important town of Adviivka in eastern Ukraine, which Russia captured in February 2024.

布朗克教授表示，每枚滑翔炸弹的生产成本仅为20,000美元或30,000美元。它们可以从距离目标数十英里的地方发射，除非使用最先进的防空导弹，否则很难将其击落。

乌克兰也使用美国和法国提供的滑翔炸弹，例如远程联合防区外武器。

乌克兰还通过在美国制造的“小直径炸弹”上安装机翼来制造自己的炸弹，这种炸弹可携带约200公斤炸药。

然而，乌克兰的滑翔炸弹比俄罗斯少。

Professor Bronk said each glide bomb costs only $20,000 or $30,000 to produce. They can be launched from dozens of miles away from the target and are difficult to shoot down except with the most advanced anti-aircraft missiles.

Ukraine also uses glide bombs provided by the United States and France, such as the Long-Range Joint Standoff Weapon.

Ukraine also makes its own bombs by attaching wings to the American-made "Small Diameter Bomb", which can carry about 200 kilograms of explosives.

However, Ukraine has fewer glide bombs than Russia.

电子战：废掉顶级昂贵武器的廉价方法

电子战在俄乌战争中的使用比以往任何时候都更加密集。

战斗双方都由数千名士兵组成专业部队，试图瘫痪对方的无人机和通信系统，并让敌方飞弹偏离目标。

俄罗斯军队拥有“日特尔”（Zhite）便携式通讯干扰站等系统，可以让半径超过10公里范围内的所有卫星通讯、无线电通讯和行动电话讯号失效。该系统透过发射巨大的电磁脉冲，来压倒敌方使用的无线电波。

凭借“希波夫尼克航空”（Shipovnic-Aero）干扰系统，俄罗斯军队可以在10公里外击落无人机。

该系统还可以找出无人机飞行员的位置，然后将坐标发送给炮兵部队，以便他们可以向敌人开火。

Electronic warfare is being used more intensively than ever in the Russian-Ukrainian war.

Both sides of the battle are staffed by professional units of thousands of soldiers, trying to paralyze each other's drones and communications systems and divert enemy missiles from their targets.

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The Russian army has systems such as the Zhite portable communication jammer, which can disable all satellite communications, radio communications and mobile phone signals within a radius of more than 10 kilometers. The system works by emitting a huge electromagnetic pulse to overwhelm the radio waves used by the enemy.

With the Shipovnic-Aero jammer, the Russian army can shoot down drones from 10 kilometers away.

The system can also find out the location of drone pilots and then send the coordinates to artillery units so that they can fire on the enemy.

伦敦国王学院战争研究系的玛丽娜·米龙（Marina Miron）博士表示，西方国家可能会震惊地发现，俄罗斯的电子战系统如此轻易地就摧毁了乌克兰的“海马斯”高机动性多管火箭系统（HIMARS）等高科技系统。

“这是不对称战争，”她说， “北约军队可能拥有技术上优于俄罗斯的武器，但俄罗斯已经表明，它可以使用一些相对便宜的电子设备来使北约武器失效。”

伦敦国王学院弗里曼航空航天研究所的邓肯·麦克罗里（Duncan McCrory）表示，北约国家的军事首脑需要从俄罗斯在乌克兰的电子战中吸取教训。

他说：“他们需要训练自己的部队在被无人机追捕时如何行动，以及在敌人监听他们发出的每一个无线电信号时如何行动。”

麦克罗里指出， “不能再把电子战当作事后考虑的问题。每当你制定战术、训练和开发新武器系统时真牛所配资，都需要考虑它。”

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